EXAMS,EXAMS,EXAMS.....

Aaaaaaaaaaaa!!!!! exAMS....and all i get is pressure!!!!!...ok..so it's the firs week of the spm prelims.....all the form 5 science students were hurdled into the school hall for the firs exam...EST!!!! like i care...but still hv 2 sit for it.....took my place at the back of the school hall..until mr ng told me tat we hv 2 sit according to our angka giliran....so i was repositioned somewhere in the center of the hall....beside marcus & lingesh....the firs day went without any problems......second day wuz bm....it was a breeze too....until it came to paper 2 after a fcking 5 mins rehat......5 fucking minutes.....yeah....all of us was damm tired...but still we were forced to answer......english wuz next....tat exam passed by in a flair.....but friday came and we were prepared for the worst......SEJARAH EXAM......just as expected 82% of the students were asleep way before the exam was over.....exam started at 8 a.m......some students started sleepin by 8.o1a.m......answered 30 questions and i too went to dream land....it was not until at 8.50 when pn shamala yelled and told everyone tat there wuz 5 minutes left when i came back from dream land and started scrambling last minutes answers.........notin evenful happened after tat.....paper 2 wuz just as hard...if not worst.....sigh...firs week of exams ony over and i'm feelin damm tired....

MERDEKA!!!MERDEKA!!!.......

yup it's tat time of the year again....merdeka.....everyone rushes to the nearest supermarket to get a jalur gemilang......illegal fireworks stalls blomming in every nook & cranny....you start to see bulidings,cars ect...being decorated with our flag......even the school staff seems to be busy.....every morning during the merdeka season we hear a few extra songs being played across the intercom......all of this is enough to give anyone a severe headache.....but being malaysians we dun care......being a multirational country there's always bound to be injustice & problems.....i dun hv to say wat but i'm sure you all know already......but somehow the national day seems to bring everyone together......there is no ah seng,muthu,or ahmad complaning bout anything....during this special occasion they all seem to forget their complains & problems.....tat is the magic of MERDEKA....it has the power to bring us together united...thus the concept 1 malaysia......if we really think bout it...we are actually one of the most luckiest country in the world.....we hv prefect weather conditions...we hv no natural disaster,like in other countries where the goverment hv 2 cope with collosal property damage........we also hv one of the cheapest medical care service in the world......there is nowhere in the world tat you can get treated for just 1-2 ringgit......and yet with all this we seem to find someway to complain.......never had i live a day and not hear people complain.......everywhere i go i hear disaticfaction...ect,ect...why are we like this....isn't it enough.....take a close look at africa....look at tat country...nw they hv every right to complain....they live every day only happy to see light again.....do know this people live by 1KG of rice per month......wherelse we can go up to 30KG permonth jus for one family.....this people also suffer from diseases,diry water,sleep in dust & even work for 23 hrs a day to live......well i hope my post today will make a difference...i can go on writing....but i really dun wanna bore u out.....and a very happy birthday to my country......

I'M BACK!!!!

i'm back...yes finally after nearly 5 months of absence.....well to begin with i was actually quite lazy to blog....so i made my self to think tat since spm is drawing closer i better stop blogging.......with this in mind i stop blogging for a few months.....i actually quite forgot bout my blog until one of my devoted fan asked me bout my blog.......ironic isn't it.....right nw i hv got 2 months more 2 spm and i've started blogging again......but alas my fans can't wait.......hahahaha....joking ,joking......well it's good to be back<>

DOTA.....

damm this game.....dun get involved in it......it's like drugs and i'm hooked.....the scary part is tat i hv spm coming up.....and i'm addicted to tis game............totaly...someone save me pls............

CROAK!!!!!!

ah finally.....the ever waited class for bio......DISSECTION .........it was a friday.....we had bio lesson during the third & fourth period........yoga would be the who got us our test subjects...FULLY GROWN FROGS at rm 8 each..........let the fun begin.......i'm sory but i jus malas to upload the pics.........4mb a pic!!! too big.........oh well i guess words will put it right...around 7.30 the class wuz full of activity...the frogs were there.......not knowing the danger ahead ....they jump n croak happily in an large plastic box.......a few of us even brought camera's......tat includes me,marcus,roy(phedam) and a few other guys who brought handphones........soon the time arrived...we marched to the lab.....quickly...there the lab assistant wuz ready wit chloroform.......he jus took a small piece of cotton socked in chloroform and put it in the jar of frogs.......wow the frogs reaction was amazing.....they started jumping like mad.......here and there,......and finally gave away to the chloroform.......we picked our frogs and started disecting ...........first we had to cut of the layer of skin on the frog...and then use the scaple to slice.....after bout 15 minutes of slow slicing we finally reached the heart of the frog.....it wuz still pumping.......cool .....after observing the heart rate..we were done.........free to do anytin with the frog....i started by pulling out all the innards......slimy..gooey stuff.....then i moved on to chopping the frogs head....and then to the other parts of the body.............it wuz fun(not 4 the frogs).....amazing class....fantastic,.........mind blasting........tat day 6 fully grown frogs were destroyed..........lets give them a moment of silence(not 2 long....)

COCA-COLA

dunno if you guys hv seen tis.....yup it's my very own coke collection...amazing isn't it.......it was once upon a time my uncle's collection.....he decided to give it up to me........there are cokes from all around the world...japan,arab,usa,england,china,russia...m'sia.....i even have a bottel of coke during our tahun merdeka.....cool right...1957.....oh yeah if you were wondering the wat spongebob is doing in a sea of coke items...well it's actually a popcorn tin........amazing right.....those days...popcorn being served in metal tins.......nowdays it's in paper or a box.......and they charge you so much.......one day my collection...will be the world's largest.........imagine my name plague...NAVIN NAPOLEAN...COKE EXPERT &COLLECTOR............OR MAYBE EVEN COKE GURU...... .......oh well......you may never know............i ony 17..........by 30 i'm gonna have a room crammed with coke stuff...........ps....any antique never seen before coke items u have...and sick of it.......sell it to me.......HP:016-7416116..or email me:darkangle32@hotmail.com......... GOD BLESS YOU...

RAJ B'DAY PARTY

aha....yes our beloved captian finally turns 19......well it was like any normal day..well maybe for raj it was....we were all busy.....well reached skul at bout 7.....went to kums class..well the present tat i wuz suppose to give to raj was not wrapped.......lucky for me.....ms fantastic(divi)& and her group of friends wuz ready to help........armed wit wrapping paper and blades they attacked my gift wit speed of a top speed jet liner......(thanks for the help).......well then returned to my class and waited fo the right moment.....durin recess i returned to kums's class and collected money(we decided to put in some money & buy pizza's)....went out of skul and called pizza hut..they said tat the pizza's will arrive in bout 45 minutes...went back to kums class and signed raj's b'day card.....it was damm big wei.....oh yeah raj wuz havin tamil club meetin....after finish on y he kena 3-4...then after 3-4 kums and i went to the main gate to get the pizza's.....then i decided to check my phone...8 miss calls....damm..poor pizza guy...i called bck and they said the pizza's will be there soon......5 min's later it did arrive and we took it all to kums class...well after tat words jus can't describe wat happened...i hope tis pics will..........HAPPY 19TH BIRTHDAY RAJ.......

b'day boy.....i jus love tis shot.....reminds me of samy vellu.........

the pizza's


kumaresh...startin the party wit the firs gulp of the pepsi.........thiva hidin at the bck i dunno why???

ape lagi raj minum semua habis lah.....well take pity on gupreet tough he looks thirsty...minum bola makan bola tidur bola...minum coca cola...i mean pepsi..........

me and raj.....raj seems to be in an urge to shake sometin.....hmmm i wonder,,,,,....

haha...kumaresh kena ugut........thiva gangster sei...........tampoi don......beware.....



raj givin eugene some pepsi.........which he later poured on eugene face....oh well



dorai n raj........


ec's fantastiscos.......

group pic...i love tis pic.....well i do look kinda big in tis pic...but who cares......

LADIES.....BEWARE...PJ DAY MESS UP(GUYS ONY)

you can't see me.......



whoops...ok now i see you.....

well it was another good pj day.......whew wuz kinda of worried...my phone wuz in the class....anyways after pj....it was back to the class(to change...nt study)..there wuz the normal buzz of..hey where's my tie...kasut aku mana...and in some weird cases...yo dude seen my underwear???well nvm tat....yoga dared me to take his pic........naked and all...as shown in the first pic....i failed.....but luck wuz in my hand...the second time i tried to take a pic yoga wuz not ready to hide.......well i guess it's ok tough....he din mind...he's really a nice guy...great friend.....u can trust him...(can you??)......anyways many other things occured after tat....... the class wuz busy....our poor physics teacher..MR AZMI tried to teach us.....by the time he forced us to change n all his time wuz up......i guess next time we should start changing after pj itself....near the astaka.........will see wat we can do bout tat....as for now the class remains a better option..........

halloba

well in my last post there wuz no pic.....too bad.....jus got some...........no input sory......well the pics are quite outdated....durin kums's b'day.....who cares i really jus wanted the pic of eugene kena halloba(sory eugene)enjoy.....^-^

million dollar pic.......wonderful shot...look at him tryin to preserve his manhood...too bad..........what ya expect...merry go round....ec lah tak ade chance........

b'day boy........

me and kums.........the best president a club can ever get,,,,,




kums,chen(money man)& thiva



kums feedin marcus.....(more like tryin to kill ......him look at hw's he stuffing the burger wit tat evil grin of his).....



kums &dv....(kums looks drunk in tis pic.....too many burgers???)

kums & roshini......

cheers punks........minum ape angin ke???

ah...well i kena 3-4.......felt notin....easy peasy........kacang putih,hijau,merah,ungu,hitam and all.....

SPORTS DAY PRACTICE.....

sory.....no pics......


well it was a sunny and blissful wednesday.....came to skul at 6.50....and waited in my class for my buddies...soon bryan,lingesh & marcus arrived...not many others came(sports practice wat.....)...ony 5 students in my class...can u imagine 5 !!!!others got raptai and most 2 lazy to come.....well soon after pn Haziah entered...she asked us to clean up the class(like i care....)anyway she forced us......i dunno why we must clean the class......hw much we clean aso the class will remain dirty...sigh....5 min later ...dv,roshini& thiva came...they wanted to put sometin in the interact room....after tat......me and my buddies went jalan,jalan cari angin wit them...we went to kums class..no one there...but the class wuz full wit Mc donalds breakfast meals.....orang kaya....after tat it was onwards to raj's class.....he was there doin revision....(i tink so...he had a file infront of him....)kacau him for a while then we went to library......it was empty ....so good..read a few books...and then eugene(not his real name) came in...like a circus clown....he wanted the news paper....too bad...not arrived yet.....not quite happy he stayed on and disturb me like hell........after a good 1 hr in the library dv,roshini&thiva left...got class(tat's wat they said)...soon after lingesh,bryan,marcus & me followed suit.....not to class but the canteen(hungry....) after fillin up we went back to raj's class...tis time kums,jpj,gupreet,eugene & dinesh wuz there.....bryan,lingesh& marcus went next door(lingesh wanted to disturb roshini......tat cheeky guy,,...)anyways we decided to play truth or dare(jpj tak berani...so he din play...)dinesh gt it first and he said truth......raj asked him.....have u ever kissed a girl before??.....(drastic question...)he replied...yes..soooo many times...then eugene gt it he said dare...so we asked him to strip....(jus open his shirt lah...we are not peverts...)...he was shy at first...but soon agreed.....then i gt it...i said truth...kums asked me a question...i dare not mention here.....a boy thing....not so nice to post...well soon after eugene gt it again......too bad...we asked him to carry a chair above his head...go infront of the class and say....HELLO IAM EUGENE...he did it.......guess wat he got the pen again....he so unlucky....tis time we asked him to run and sing at the same time......thru the whole block....well but tis time he din......chicken....then someone yelled HALLOBA........we carried eugene and took him to the nearest pole....(class door)he was kicking and fussing about...and guess wat he kicked the door so hard...tat it fell apart...woah......THE DOOR FELL APART!!!!!.......seeing this we all scrambled... ......leaving a very angry eugene alone..........i went back to the library wit my buddies soon after nt knowing wat wuz gonna happen.......then bout 11.30 kums came into the library and told me tat MR chew wanted to see all of us....he was the class teacher.......eugene was so angry tat he din wanna cover line for us...hearts thumping we went to see MR chew.....he said....aiya so big aso wanna play like small babies.......make sure ah...by tis friday u guys fix the door...or i will report tis matter to the school...after tat i dun care wat action they take........tat's wat he said......whew..lucky me...i wuz tinkin he wuz gonna take action.....well after skul we stayed back...and hammered the door back in place...it was still nt sturdy....but i din care........hmmm ironic isn't it...........SPORTS DAY PRACTICE!!!!!!!!!...

SUNBLOCK SPF 50+

yup..sunblock...well i am currently usin it now......my mum says i'm gettin too dark.....she says i'm not to leave the house without the sunblock on......sad isn't it...i used to tink people who use sunblock are the ones they call "puteri lilin"...me i love the sun jus love it...but my mum thinks i have a right amount of tan..in fact a wee bit too much...she actually forced me to WATSONS to get one...NEUTROGENA ULTRA SHEER DRY TOUCH SUNBLOCK.....it says here the sunblock come wit HELIOPLEX BROAD SPECTRUM UVA-UVB SPF 50 +(sounds like physics to me....)......but the point is really jus dun get the fuss bout bein dark......every time there's an commercial break we can see bout 50 ads jus for skin whitening products...wtf is so wrong bout bein dark....hey i'm dark and i dun give a rat's fart bout it.......do you know that if ur dark the pigments in your skin prevents u frm gettin cancer & and sunburn........all tis skin products jus dun work.....wastin ur money......some people even have taken the liberty to call dark people like tis..."hey u hitam,hey roti bakar,hey keling hitam or in fire drills they say....aiyo ramasamy u kena bakar ke tak dengar bunyi loceng api".........well if tis was a country wit no rulez i would say back to them"hey u fucking cibai i dark so wat"...or maybe hey fuck face i love my colour.....ur white easy to get cancer...so go and die"or even maybe.... "hey shit head i love bein dark...u gt a problem wit...yeah how bout you go play a nice game of go hide and fuck ur self".......whew...must control my self(sory for usin words like..fuck& shithead) well i jus suppose tat we hv to be proud of our colour.....tink bout...and u will understand......cheerio.....

FLU OUTBREAK...BEWARE..

damm lah...went to gym today wit a heavy cold.....stopped in 7-11(it's a store and no more) got the panadol actifast for flu....3.50 4 2 tablet....shit..freakin expensive...reached the gym and the trainer said said my nose looked red(mind you i'm dark) tat was hw bad my flu was....well did warm up and started traning.....midway of doin benchpress i sneezed.....i was lucky to be writin or postin tis....the bar fell and almost hit my head....sial wei the bar was bout 45kg......yeah damm bahaya...after tat i jus stuck wit biceps pulls....takut to do benchpress.......real kacau lah tis flu even wit the biceps pulls i was in difficult.....trained 2 hrs n went back home.....din eat much...(cant taste my food...useless right)..tat panadol actifast..was inactively slow.....useless...my mum gave me actified...she said the tablet will help me sleep....i tuk 2.....hopin it works....haaachoo.........whoops sory......haha......

a day out at cs

whew finally the holidays are ere......damm tiring.....well kums,gupreet,raj,alaga and i went to cs.....well actually it was ony kums and i.....we wanted to collect the interact stamp frm nagamas............the others punks jus followed us......well it was not exactly fun.....all of us gt tution at 4.45....we were in cs at 3.59.......damm wei...well raj dared me to wish a total stranger happy CNY...and i did it...well then i dared him,and bla,bla,bla.......after collecting the stamp frm nagamas............. kumaresh wanted to go 2 popular...guess for wat.......to buy mineral water......budak kaya say..orang pergi popular beli buku but tis guy jus went 2 buy water.....hmmm wat can i say kums's very weird.........suddenly it was 4.23...mad rush got tution lah......rushed to the bus stop near the ciq...
well tat's me.....i damm tired wei...on the bus rushing to tution....



resh ere givin us all his cat like face......smile lah ur on candy camera.....



tried to get a pic of alagarajan....but kums kacau lah......


gupreet or burung....why so lonely.......nampak emo je..........any masalah boy????


and finally there raj kapten...ec...dunno wat he lookin at.................................

peninju ec.......

well 2nd week of skul was same as the first week.......borin..nvm tat ...breaking news see that guy up there..yeah he's puven../.' casanova' of ec and our schools new boxer...yeah i know dont wet ur pants....but it true he actually signed up for the selection team...i mean he....wat the hell.....he's so short and skimpy hw's he gonna withstand blows.......real dodol lah tis fella......smart but still a dodol.....i mean a tall guy could actually just push his head away and thus preventing him from throwing blows.....tis fella ha.......aiya. lucky for him my buddies marcus,bryan & lingesh adviced mr Fairos(kelab tinju's penasihat) to drop puven from the selection........and because of them puven got dropped from the selection......too bad 4 him...........well u know wat puven...my advice 2 you is try and build ur self up first eat more food and stop messin around wif girls........take in more protein,iron,fats(lots of it) and try again in 10 years...........who knows u might be the next mike tyson........god bless you punk......

new year,old year,average year...all the same lah...

wei....2009 edi spm...n iam still posting the same crappy shit in my blog.........i dunno wat 2 post lah.......i guess i keep posting stuff related to biology....cause i love tat subject,,,,,....yeah u heard..... i love BIO.........first day of skul damm borin wei......so many punks waking around.....well anyway i was kinda hapy wit my class....5e.....but even then there were bad news..i got pn haziah as my class teacher...aiyo why i so unlucky she damm iritating(for more info bout haziah contact any 2008 4e students...we will give u a full account)infact she's so damm iritating if i start to kutuk i cant damm well stop....why god....why......well i guess they say no pain no gain..........hey u guys know our new pk right.......tat punk new guy who u saw on the first day of perhimpunan....well we should get a nick name 4 him...any i deas.....well if u have any contact me at....darkangle32@hotmail.com..........iam very eager 2 hear read ur suggestion......may u have a punktastic day....

WHAT IS CANCER

Cancer (medical term: malignant neoplasm) is a class of diseases in which a group of cells display uncontrolled growth (division beyond the normal limits), invasion (intrusion on and destruction of adjacent tissues), and sometimes metastasis (spread to other locations in the body via lymph or blood). These three malignant properties of cancers differentiate them from benign tumors, which are self-limited, do not invade or metastasize. Most cancers form a tumor but some, like leukemia, do not. The branch of medicine concerned with the study, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of cancer is oncology.

Cancer may affect people at all ages, even fetuses, but the risk for most varieties increases with age.^[1] Cancer causes about 13% of all deaths.^[2] According to the American Cancer Society, 7.6 million people died from cancer in the world during 2007.^[3] Cancers can affect all animals.

Nearly all cancers are caused by abnormalities in the genetic material of the transformed cells. These abnormalities may be due to the effects of carcinogens, such as tobacco smoke, radiation, chemicals, or infectious agents. Other cancer-promoting genetic abnormalities may be randomly acquired through errors in DNA replication, or are inherited, and thus present in all cells from birth. The heritability of cancers are usually affected by complex interactions between carcinogens and the host's genome. New aspects of the genetics of cancer pathogenesis, such as DNA methylation, and microRNAs are increasingly recognized as important.

Genetic abnormalities found in cancer typically affect two general classes of genes. Cancer-promoting oncogenes are typically activated in cancer cells, giving those cells new properties, such as hyperactive growth and division, protection against programmed cell death, loss of respect for normal tissue boundaries, and the ability to become established in diverse tissue environments. Tumor suppressor genes are then inactivated in cancer cells, resulting in the loss of normal functions in those cells, such as accurate DNA replication, control over the cell cycle, orientation and adhesion within tissues, and interaction with protective cells of the immune system.

Diagnosis usually requires the histologic examination of a tissue biopsy specimen by a pathologist, although the initial indication of malignancy can be symptoms or radiographic imaging abnormalities. Most cancers can be treated and some cured, depending on the specific type, location, and stage. Once diagnosed, cancer is usually treated with a combination of surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. As research develops, treatments are becoming more specific for different varieties of cancer. There has been significant progress in the development of targeted therapy drugs that act specifically on detectable molecular abnormalities in certain tumors, and which minimize damage to normal cells. The prognosis of cancer patients is most influenced by the type of cancer, as well as the stage, or extent of the disease. In addition, histologic grading and the presence of specific molecular markers can also be useful in establishing prognosis, as well as in determining individual treatment

CAN WE LEARN TO STUDY MORE EFFECTIVELY

there are a range of techniques we can use to help us study more effectively.even simple actions such as changing location by moving frm the study to the living room,for example can be beneficial.the different locations in which learning takes place become recall stimuli which help the brain to consolidate knowledge.it is also important to take occasional complete breaks away frm study,such as jogging or goin for a short walk....it also helps to structure the material to be learnt.

Kissing in Western culture

In modern Western culture, kissing is most commonly an expression of affection.^[9] Between people of close acquaintance, a reciprocal kiss often is offered as a greeting or farewell.^[10] This kind of kiss is typically made by brief contact of puckered lips to the skin of the cheek or no contact at all, and merely performed in the air near the cheek with the cheeks touching.^[11] People may kiss children on the forehead to comfort them or the cheek to show affection, and vice versa.

As an expression of romantic affection or sexual desire in Western culture, kissing involves two people pressing their lips together with an intensity of sexual feeling. A couple may open their mouths, suck on each other's lips or move their tongues into each others' mouths (see French kiss). Romantic or sexual kissing may also involve kissing various parts of another's body (see Foreplay) such as the neck, the ears, the breasts, the navel, the genitals, etc.

In Eastern European countries and Slavic cultures until recent times, kissing between two men on the lips as a greeting or a farewell was not uncommon and not considered sexual.^{[citation needed]} Symbolic kissing is frequent in Western cultures. A kiss can be "blown" to another by kissing the fingertips and then blowing the fingertips, pointing them in the direction of the recipient. This is used to convey affection, usually when parting or when the partners are physically distant but can view each other. Blown kisses are also used when a person wishes to convey affection to a large crowd or audience. In written correspondence a kiss has been represented by the letter 'X' since at least 1763.^[12] A stage or screen kiss may be performed by actually kissing, or faked by using the thumbs as a barrier for the lips and turning so the audience is unable to fully see the act

DO MUSCLES WORK IN PAIRS

muscles actually work in pairs.a muscle can ony pull in one direction so it needs another muscle to pull in the opposite direction in order to return a bone to its original position.when you lift ur forearm,the biceps muscle shortens to lift the bone.when you straighten your arm,the triceps muscle pulls it back again and the biceps relaxes.the same action takes place in ur legs when you walk and run,and when you move ur fingers or toes

ANTIBIOTICS-OVERVIEW

Unlike many previous treatments for infections, which often consisted of administering chemical compounds such as strychnine and arsenic, with high toxicity also against mammals, antibiotics from microbes had no or few side effects^{[citation needed]} and high effective target activity. Most anti-bacterial antibiotics do not have activity against viruses, fungi, or other microbes. Anti-bacterial antibiotics can be categorized based on their target specificity: "narrow-spectrum" antibiotics target particular types of bacteria, such as Gram-negative or Gram-positive bacteria, while broad-spectrum antibiotics affect a wide range of bacteria.

The environment of individual antibiotics varies with the location of the infection, the ability of the antibiotic to reach the infection site, and the ability of the microbe to inactivate or excrete the antibiotic. Some anti-bacterial antibiotics destroy bacteria (bactericidal), whereas others prevent bacteria from multiplying (bacteriostatic).

Oral antibiotics are simply ingested, while intravenous antibiotics are used in more serious cases, such as deep-seated systemic infections. Antibiotics may also sometimes be administered topically, as with eye drops or ointments.

In the last few years three new classes of antibiotics have been brought into clinical use. This follows a 40-year hiatus in discovering new classes of antibiotic compounds. These new antibiotics are of the following three classes: cyclic lipopeptides (daptomycin), glycylcyclines (tigecycline), and oxazolidinones (linezolid). Tigecycline is a broad-spectrum antibiotic, while the two others are used for Gram-positive infections. These developments show promise as a means to counteract the growing bacterial resistance to existing antibiotics.

Although potent antibiotic compounds for treatment of ancient human cultures, including the ancient Egyptians, ancient Greeks and medieval Arabs already used molds and plants to treat infections, owing to the production of antibiotic substances by these organisms, a phenomenon known as antibiosis.

Quinine became widely applied as a therapeutic agent in the 17th century for the treatment of malaria, the disease caused by Plasmodium falciparum, a protozoan parasite.

Antibiosis was first described in 1877 in bacteria when Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch observed that an airborne bacillus could inhibit the growth of Bacillus anthracis. to the discovery of penicillin,The antibiotic properties of Penicillium sp. were first described in england by John Tyndall in 1875.However, his work went by without much notice from the scientific community until Alexander Fleming's discovery of Penicillin.

Modern research on antibiotic therapy began in Germany with the development of the narrow-spectrum antibiotic Salvarsan by Paul Ehrlich in 1909, for the first time allowing an efficient treatment of the then-widespread problem of Syphilis. The drug, which was also effective against other spirochaeta infections, is no longer in use in modern medicine.

Antibiotics were further developed in Britain following the discovery of Penicillin in 1928 by Alexander Fleming. More than ten years later, Ernst Chain and Howard Florey became interested in his work, and came up with the purified form of penicillin. The three shared the 1945 Nobel Prize in Medicine. In 1939, Rene Dubos isolated gramicidin, one of the first commercially manufactured antibiotics in use during World War II to prove highly effective in treating wounds and ulcers.

Prontosil, the first commercially available antibacterial antibiotic was developed by a research team led by Gerhard Domagk (who received the 1939 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his efforts at the Bayer Laboratories of the IG Farben conglomerate in Germany). Prontosil had a relatively broad effect against Gram-positive Coccus but not against Enterobacteriaceae. The development of this first Sulfonamide drug opened the era of antibiotics.